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Java Tutorial — Learn Java 21 Step by Step (2026, Free) - Tutorsbot

The Complete Java Tutorial

70 articles · 14 chapters

How Do You Install the JDK on Windows and Verify It?
What Does Your First Java Program Look Like and How Do You Run It?
How Do You Compile and Run Java Without an IDE?
What Is the Difference Between JDK, JRE and the JVM?
What Is JShell and How Does It Speed Up Learning Java?

What Are Java's Primitive Data Types and When Do You Use Each?
How Do Variables, Constants and var Work in Java?
How Does Type Casting and Numeric Promotion Work in Java?
What Operators Does Java Support and When Are They Useful?
How Do You Read User Input With the Scanner Class?

How Do if, else and Logical Operators Branch Your Code?
How Does switch Work, Including the Modern Arrow Form?
How Do for, while and do-while Loops Differ in Java?
When Do break and continue Matter in Loop Control?
How Do You Nest Loops to Print Grid Patterns and Tables?

How Do You Define and Call Methods in Java?
How Do Parameters and Return Values Flow Through Methods?
What Is Method Overloading and When Is It a Good Idea?
How Does Recursion Work in Java and When Is It Worth It?
What Is Variable Scope and How Does Shadowing Affect It?

What Are Arrays in Java and How Do You Create Them?
What Are the Practical Ways to Loop Over an Array?
How Do 2D Arrays Work and Where Are They Used?
What Can the Arrays Utility Class Do For You?
How Do Arrays Flow Through Methods and Return Values?

How Does the String Class Work and Why Is It Immutable?
Which String Methods Cover Everyday Text Handling?
What Is the Real Difference Between StringBuilder and +?
How Do String.format and Text Blocks Render Output?
How Do You Parse, Split and Join Text in Java?

How Do Classes and Objects Model Real Things in Java?
How Do Constructors and Initializers Set Up an Object?
What Is Encapsulation and How Does this Fit In?
When Do static Fields and Methods Make Sense?
How Do Packages and Imports Organize Larger Programs?

How Does Inheritance Reuse Behavior Between Classes?
What Rules Govern Method Overriding and the super Keyword?
When Does an Abstract Class Beat a Concrete One?
What Are Interfaces and Why Do Default Methods Exist?
How Does Polymorphism Simplify Real Program Design?

What Is the Exception Hierarchy and What Throws What?
How Do try, catch and finally Cooperate?
What Is the Difference Between Checked and Unchecked Exceptions?
How Does try-with-resources Close Things for You?
When and How Do You Create Custom Exceptions?

What Does the Collections Framework Give You?
How Does ArrayList Combine Array Power With Flexibility?
Why Is HashMap the Default Choice for Key-Value Data?
How Does HashSet Enforce Uniqueness so Fast?
How Do Comparators Sort Lists Any Way You Want?

What Do Generics Buy You Beyond plain Object?
What Is the Difference Between Bounded Types and Wildcards?
How Do Lambdas Replace Boilerplate in Modern Java?
What Are Functional Interfaces and Method References?
What Is Optional and What Problems Does It Fix?

What Is a Stream Pipeline and How Does It Process Data?
Which Intermediate and Terminal Stream Operations Matter Most?
How Do Collectors Shape Stream Output Into Lists, Maps and Groups?
What Do Records and the New switch Forms Simplify?
What Are Pattern Matching and Sealed Classes?

How Do You Read and Write Files With java.nio?
How Do You Create and Run Threads in Java?
What Causes Race Conditions and How Does synchronized Fix Them?
When Are Executors and Concurrent Collections the Right Tools?
How Does JVM Memory and Garbage Collection Actually Work?

How Do You Test Java Code With JUnit 5?
How Do Professional Debugging and Logging Differ From print Statements?
What Do Maven and Gradle Do For Your Projects?
How Do You Structure a Small Multi-Class Java Program?
What Goes Into a Complete Library Management CLI Project?

Interview Questions

Home/Tutorials/The Complete Java Tutorial

The Complete Java Tutorial

Learn Java 21 in this free 2026 tutorial — syntax, OOP, collections, exceptions, generics, streams, threads, testing and a capstone CLI project. Every example compiles and runs.

14 modules70 lessons~9 hrs of reading100% Free

Start Learning Interview Questions Try in Compiler

Course outline

1.Getting Started with Java5 lessons
2.Java Variables and Data Types5 lessons
3.Java if-else and Loops5 lessons
4.Methods and Scope5 lessons
5.Arrays5 lessons
6.Strings and Text5 lessons

7.Java Classes and Objects5 lessons

8.Inheritance and Polymorphism5 lessons

9.Java Exception Handling5 lessons

10.Collections Framework5 lessons

11.Generics and Lambdas5 lessons

12.Streams and Modern Java5 lessons

13.Java Multithreading, Files and the JVM5 lessons

14.Java Projects and Build Tools5 lessons

1.Getting Started with Java

1.1How Do You Install the JDK on Windows and Verify It?
1.2What Does Your First Java Program Look Like and How Do You Run It?
1.3How Do You Compile and Run Java Without an IDE?
1.4What Is the Difference Between JDK, JRE and the JVM?
1.5What Is JShell and How Does It Speed Up Learning Java?

2.Java Variables and Data Types

2.1What Are Java's Primitive Data Types and When Do You Use Each?
2.2How Do Variables, Constants and var Work in Java?
2.3How Does Type Casting and Numeric Promotion Work in Java?
2.4What Operators Does Java Support and When Are They Useful?
2.5How Do You Read User Input With the Scanner Class?

3.Java if-else and Loops

3.1How Do if, else and Logical Operators Branch Your Code?
3.2How Does switch Work, Including the Modern Arrow Form?
3.3How Do for, while and do-while Loops Differ in Java?
3.4When Do break and continue Matter in Loop Control?
3.5How Do You Nest Loops to Print Grid Patterns and Tables?

4.Methods and Scope

4.1How Do You Define and Call Methods in Java?
4.2How Do Parameters and Return Values Flow Through Methods?
4.3What Is Method Overloading and When Is It a Good Idea?
4.4How Does Recursion Work in Java and When Is It Worth It?
4.5What Is Variable Scope and How Does Shadowing Affect It?

5.Arrays

5.1What Are Arrays in Java and How Do You Create Them?
5.2What Are the Practical Ways to Loop Over an Array?
5.3How Do 2D Arrays Work and Where Are They Used?
5.4What Can the Arrays Utility Class Do For You?
5.5How Do Arrays Flow Through Methods and Return Values?

6.Strings and Text

6.1How Does the String Class Work and Why Is It Immutable?
6.2Which String Methods Cover Everyday Text Handling?
6.3What Is the Real Difference Between StringBuilder and +?
6.4How Do String.format and Text Blocks Render Output?
6.5How Do You Parse, Split and Join Text in Java?

7.Java Classes and Objects

7.1How Do Classes and Objects Model Real Things in Java?
7.2How Do Constructors and Initializers Set Up an Object?
7.3What Is Encapsulation and How Does this Fit In?
7.4When Do static Fields and Methods Make Sense?
7.5How Do Packages and Imports Organize Larger Programs?

8.Inheritance and Polymorphism

8.1How Does Inheritance Reuse Behavior Between Classes?
8.2What Rules Govern Method Overriding and the super Keyword?
8.3When Does an Abstract Class Beat a Concrete One?
8.4What Are Interfaces and Why Do Default Methods Exist?
8.5How Does Polymorphism Simplify Real Program Design?

9.Java Exception Handling

9.1What Is the Exception Hierarchy and What Throws What?
9.2How Do try, catch and finally Cooperate?
9.3What Is the Difference Between Checked and Unchecked Exceptions?
9.4How Does try-with-resources Close Things for You?
9.5When and How Do You Create Custom Exceptions?

10.Collections Framework

10.1What Does the Collections Framework Give You?
10.2How Does ArrayList Combine Array Power With Flexibility?
10.3Why Is HashMap the Default Choice for Key-Value Data?
10.4How Does HashSet Enforce Uniqueness so Fast?
10.5How Do Comparators Sort Lists Any Way You Want?

11.Generics and Lambdas

11.1What Do Generics Buy You Beyond plain Object?
11.2What Is the Difference Between Bounded Types and Wildcards?
11.3How Do Lambdas Replace Boilerplate in Modern Java?
11.4What Are Functional Interfaces and Method References?
11.5What Is Optional and What Problems Does It Fix?

12.Streams and Modern Java

12.1What Is a Stream Pipeline and How Does It Process Data?
12.2Which Intermediate and Terminal Stream Operations Matter Most?
12.3How Do Collectors Shape Stream Output Into Lists, Maps and Groups?
12.4What Do Records and the New switch Forms Simplify?
12.5What Are Pattern Matching and Sealed Classes?

13.Java Multithreading, Files and the JVM

13.1How Do You Read and Write Files With java.nio?
13.2How Do You Create and Run Threads in Java?
13.3What Causes Race Conditions and How Does synchronized Fix Them?
13.4When Are Executors and Concurrent Collections the Right Tools?
13.5How Does JVM Memory and Garbage Collection Actually Work?

14.Java Projects and Build Tools

14.1How Do You Test Java Code With JUnit 5?
14.2How Do Professional Debugging and Logging Differ From print Statements?
14.3What Do Maven and Gradle Do For Your Projects?
14.4How Do You Structure a Small Multi-Class Java Program?
14.5What Goes Into a Complete Library Management CLI Project?

Start with lesson 1.1

How Do You Install the JDK on Windows and Verify It?